Even low-probability risks accumulate: exposure to a “1-in-20-year” flood = 23% chance within 5 years
Carbon pricing alone can erode 50% of climate-related EBITDA losses
Innovations scale rapidly; firms ignoring clean tech and adaptation solutions risk losing market share
Consumer and investor preferences are shifting; sustainable products already growing faster than conventional ones (28% vs. 20%)

Short term (1-3 years)
→ Operational efficiency (energy, water, waste)
→ Access to new capital
→ Strategic positioning inc. M&A uplift
→ Lower cost of capital
→ Talent attraction

Long term (3+ years)
→ +5-20% EBITDA
→ ROI 2-14x
→ Brand loyalty
→ Talent attraction
→ Market, legal & regulatory risk resilience

Short term (1-3 years)
→ Upfront Capex
→ Transitional Opex increases
→ Demand uncertainty

Long term (3+ years)
→ Sector-dependent return variability
→ Longer payback
→ Inaction on sustainability: -5-25% EBITDA